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Irrigation Engineering (civil engineering)

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 * Syllabus * 1. Water Requirement of crops, Method of Irrigation, Lift Irrigation. 2. Water Logging, Dams, Spillways. 3. Energy Dissipation, Diversion head works, Canal & Canal Structures. 4. Cross Drainage works, River Training works. -----------------------*---------------------*---------------------*----------------- * Irrigation :- Process A artificial application of Water to the soil or land for the growth of crops. * Advantages :- 1) Increase in crop yield. 2) Protection against famines. 3) Revenue Generation. 4) Avoidance of mixed cropping. 5) Navigation:- Irrigation canals may be used for inland navigation, useful for communication and transportation. 6) Hydroelectric power generation. 7) Generation of employment opportunities. * Disadvantages :- 1) Wastage AIrrigation water. 2) formation of marshy land :- Excessive Seepage of water from irrigation canals. 3) Dampness of weather :- Dampness in the area lead to occurance of diseases originating from dampness. 4) Loss...
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Leveling - Part 01 (Surveying)

  LEVELING Important terminology 1.     1. Reduced level (RL) 2.   2. Mean sea level (MSL) 3.     3. Bench mark (BM) a.     Permanent bench mark: - established by GOI, Indian railway, CPWD. b.     Temporary bench mark: - e.g. change point Measurements in leveling work 1.     Back sight reading 2.     Fore sight reading 3.     Intermediate sight reading Change point: - it is station or point after which instrument location is changed. At changed point first fore sight reading is taken from previous instrument and then back sight reading is taken from next instrument. Methods to find Reduced Level 1.     Height of instrument (HI) method: - HI = RL of BM + BS,    RL of any point = HI – IS/FS,    check ∑ BS - ∑ FS = last RL – first RL 2.     Rise and fall method: - rise/fall = previous reading...
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